Managing apps and software deployment through Microsoft Intune
first check the IntuneManagementExtension service actually exists on the cloud pc, available win32 apps go through the IME and it only installs once something like a win32 app or powershell script is assigned. if it's there, restart the service (that forces an IME check-in) and watch IntuneManagementExtension.log in C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\IntuneManagementExtension\Logs for auth or check-in errors when you click install.