Explain syntax items

Hi @Coates, Donald ,

These symbols can have different meanings depending on where they appear. Here are their common uses in VBA and Excel.

The ampersand &

In VBA, & is primarily used to join, or concatenate, values into a single string:

Dim firstName As String 
Dim message As String 
firstName = "Donald" 
message = "Hello, " & firstName 
MsgBox message 

The result is:

Hello, Donald 

If one of the values is numeric, VBA converts it to text during concatenation:

Dim itemCount As Integer 
itemCount = 5 
MsgBox "Number of items: " & itemCount 

The result is:

Number of items: 5 
`` 

You might also see & attached directly to a variable name or integer literal:

Dim total& 
total = 100& 

In that position, & is an older type-declaration character for Long. The clearer equivalent is:

Dim total As Long 
total = 100 

Two quotation marks ""

When nothing appears between the quotation marks, "" represents a zero-length, or empty, string:

Dim result As String 
result = "" 

It is commonly used to clear a string or check whether it contains any text:

If result = "" Then 
    MsgBox "The string is empty." 
End If 

Two consecutive quotation marks can also be used to place an actual quotation mark inside a string:

Dim message As String 
message = "He said, ""Hello.""" 

The resulting text is:

He said, "Hello." 

Therefore, "" on its own is an empty string, while doubled quotation marks inside a larger string represent a literal quotation mark.

The string "~$"

If "~$" appears exactly as shown, including the quotation marks, VBA treats it as an ordinary string containing the characters ~ and $:

Dim value As String 
value = "~$" 

By itself, "~$" is not a special VBA operator. Its practical meaning depends on how the string is used. For example, it may simply be a value being stored or compared:

If value = "~$" Then 
    MsgBox "A match was found." 
End If 

It may also be used when checking file names. Office temporary files often have names beginning with ~$, so VBA code may use the string as a filename prefix:

If Left$(fileName, 2) = "~$" Then 
    'This may be an Office temporary file. 
End If 

In this example, the $ in Left$ indicates the string-returning version of the VBA function. By contrast, the $ inside "~$" is simply a character in the string.

If "~$" is passed to a regular-expression engine, it can have a different interpretation. In many regular-expression syntaxes, $ represents the end of the text or line. Therefore, the pattern:

pattern = "~$" 

could mean “a tilde character at the end of the text.” For example, it could match:

Hello~ 

but not:

~Hello 

That meaning comes from the regular-expression engine, not from VBA itself.

In certain Excel search operations, ~ is used before supported wildcard characters to search for them literally. Common examples include:

~*
~? 
~~ 

These represent a literal asterisk, question mark, or tilde. However, $ is not one of Excel’s standard wildcard characters, so "~$" would not normally mean “escape the dollar sign” in an Excel wildcard expression.

Finally, outside quotation marks, $ can act as a VBA type-declaration character for String:

Dim name$ 

This is equivalent to

Dim name As String 

However, that rule does not apply to the $ in "~$", because characters enclosed in quotation marks are treated as string content.

Simply put, & usually joins values into a string, "" represents an empty string, and "~$" is an ordinary two-character VBA string unless another component, such as a filename check, Excel search operation, or regular-expression engine, gives it a more specific meaning.

If you share the complete statement containing "~$", its exact purpose in that context can be identified.

References:

• Ampersand operator in VBA
• Using wildcard characters in Excel searches

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Thank you.